Arts Essays

Impacts of Technology on Art

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

Many modern artists use high technology equipment in their works. Whereas traditionally artists used a pencil or brush to make beautiful works of art, artists in the early twenty-first century are now ...

Importance of Art in the Expression and Understanding of Physiological States

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Introduction Through this research project I am hoping to find out the impact art can have on our psychological state. To do this I am setting a hypothesis for this project, which i ...

Impressionist Artists and Artworks

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

The Impressionism movement in art was followed by the Realism and Romantic periods. In complete contrast to Realism and Romanticism, with its detailed, accurate and photo-like paintings of contemporar ...

India’s Handicraft Industry: Overview and Analysis

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

The industry chosen is the handicraft industry and the reasons for selecting the same are as follow: India’s art and craftsmanship is considered to be the best in the world. Abundant skilled lab ...

Indoor Flower Arrangements Tips

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

Arranging flowers can give peace of mind and can also lead to the attainment of patience and strength in adversity. If only the first of these claims is correct how worthwhile it is to spend precious ...

Influence of Female Body Sexualisation in Renaissance Paintings on Modern Day Marketing Campaigns

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Sexualization of the female body   Research question:  To what extent has the sexualization of the female body in renaissance paintings successfully inspired ...

Influence of Louis Jacque Mande Dauguerre

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Student submitted arts essay covering the Influence of Louis Jacque Mande Dauguerre. UKessays.com offers expert-led academic writing services on many subjects like art. ...

Influence of Mental Illness on Vincent Van Gogh’s Later Works

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Vincent Van Gogh, the Iconic Depressive Artist of   the Post-Impressionism Movement  How was Vincent Van Gogh’s later works influenced by mental illne ...

Influence of Pablo Picasso on Art

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Pablo Picasso: His Influence on Art. The influence of Pablo Picasso on art can be measured via the enduring fame of the man; he remains, arguably, the most famous artist since Michelangelo, more celeb ...

Influences of Egyptian Art on Art Deco

Example essay. Published: 14th Jun 2018

A dissertation on Art Deco & how it was influenced by the discovery of Egyptian art, more specifically the findings at Tutankhamen‘s tomb. Explore how the London exhibition of these finding ...

Is Street Art a Legitimate Art Form?

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Street art originated in the late 1960s with the advent of graffiti and tagging in Philadelphia and New York City (Walsh, 1996: 3). It has been developing ever since as new styles, forms and technique ...

Islamic Art in the Western World | Essay

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

Is there a place for Islamic Art in the western Domicile? Introduction: What is Islamic Art? Islamic art does not copy nature but conveys what it represents. Islamic art is a mirror of a culture and i ...

Issues of Museum Art and Clear Provenance

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

INTRODUCTION: Museums have been considered “guardians or ‘keepers’”[1] since they were first developed in the late seventeenth century into what is commonly understood as a museu ...

Jeff Wall Photography Philosophy

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

The artist Jeff Wall has argued that there are two prominent myths about photography, ‘the myth that it tells the truth, and the myth that it doesn’t’. Discuss Wall’s statement ...

Jenny Holzer’s Untitled | Analysis

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Erin Brubaker Fig. 1. Jenny Holzer, Untitled. 1989,”16 x 162′ x 6″ Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.  Untitled is a piece of art by Jenny Holzer that was located in the m ...

Joseph Beuys Social Sculptures Concepts

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Joseph Beuys developed a new concept of art as Social Sculpture in post-war Germany after the long period of repression and lethargy. His theory advocated that every person in every situation has the ...

Kleines Glasportal, Bellevue Kreuzlingen

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Time, Space and People Kleines Glasportal, Bellevue Kreuzlingen (Small glass portal, Bellevue Kreuzlingen), an art work using cotton and latex as material by artist Heidi Bucher. The wo ...

Land Art Movement and Artists

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

Land art was the revolutionary side of the artists, which were trying to escape from the traditional painting and sculpture, as well as their… ...

Last Supper by David Lachapelle: Analysis

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

I am going to analyse the image taken by mentioned artist above. The essay will cover wide range of descriptive language from focus, light, depth of field, contrast ET all. In other words I will try t ...

Leonardo da Vinci’s Painting: The Last Supper | History

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Leonardo da Vinci’s large mural of The Last Supper is one of the most familiar images in Western art, even though it has deteriorated to the point where its original brilliance can only be guess ...

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon and Cubism | Analysis

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

The Art of Cubism and its Role In this research paper, I have explained the art of cubism and its role. I have chosen the cubit painting “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon” painted by Pablo Picasso. He ...

Liminality and Ambiguity in Artwork

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

  How the artwork may signify an ambiguous of liminality, as well as psychological space of neither here nor there. This paper explores the concept of Liminality and ambigu ...

Literature as a Form of Art and Expression

Example essay. Published: 14th Jun 2018

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to examine literary creativity within the context that views all sides of the coin. This being said general and broad assumptions could be made about literary ...

Madonna and Child Paintings Throughout History

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Through history, people had used art as a reflection of their religious beliefs and culture values. The illustration of “Madonna and Child” had been one of the most recurring arts in Chris ...

Majority Does Not Rule

Example essay. Published: 13th Oct 2021

​In the play, ​An Enemy of the People, ​Ibsen challenges the idea of the ...

Marcel Duchamp’s Influences on Modern Art

Example essay. Published: 14th Jun 2018

Marcel Duchamp’s Influence on 20th/21st Century Art 1: Introduction The influence of Duchamp’s notion of readymade art has had widespread and profound connotations for the development of art i ...

Marginalisation of Kurdish People: A study into Kurdish Art

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

The Marginalisation of Kurdish People: A study into Kurdish art in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria in 1920-2011 This essay will look at each geographic area as a whole and will explore di ...

Marxism Concepts of Art | An Analysis

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

The nineteenth century was significant in Europe because it spawned or brought to the forefront revolutionary new forms of culture and theology. Among these movements were feminism, Marxism, the roman ...

Mary Cassatt Art Style: An Overview

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Cassatt is perhaps best-known for her paintings of mothers and children, works which also reflect a surprisingly modern sensibility. Traditional assumptions concerning childhood, child-rearing, and th ...

Masaccio, Botticelli, and Lippi

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

 Masaccio, Botticelli, and Lippi Abstract The Italian Renaissance was a time when great changes occurred in art in all areas. Architects, sculptors, and painters began cha ...

Material Culture in Education Essay

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

This study explores the role of material culture in arts and design class at colleges in Singapore. Normally, students in a contemporary graphic design class face many difficulties particularly in int ...

Matthew Barney: Artist Biography

Example essay. Published: 14th Jun 2018

The mythological world of Matthew Barney Matthew Barney was born on 25th March 1967, in San Francisco, California. He attended school in Boise, Idaho from 1973 to 1985. He was brought up between Idaho ...

Medusa by Michelangelo Caravaggio

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Medusa by Michelangelo Caravaggio  Michelangelo Caravaggio’s painting Medusa caught my attention when I was researching this assignment. The exact date of when the Medusa was pai ...

Members of Los Tres Grandes in the Mexican Muralist Movement

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Los Tres Grandes “The artist must paint as he would speak. I don’t want people to speculate what I mean, I want them to understand.” David Alfaro Siqueiros, a key membe ...

Merce Cunningham: Symbolism in Dance

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

Merce Cunningham is one of the pioneers in the field of dance and choreography. He had been a mentor to most of the choreographers who have now become major names in modern times. In addition, there a ...

Michelangelo Buonarroti: A Pioneer of the Renaissance

Example essay. Published: 3rd Nov 2020

The Italian artist Michelangelo Buonarroti was skilled in the use of various media including painting, sculpting, and architecture. He had an incredible influence on artist throughout the world and is still a major influence on the artist of today. ...

Michelangelo’s Pietà and Leonardo Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

The Pietà (1498-1499) is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture by the renowned artist Michelangelo Buonarroti, housed in St. Peter Basilica in Vatican City. It is the first of a number of work ...

Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

 According to “Ceiling.,” The Creation of Adam, painted by Michelangelo in 1511, is one of a series of Biblical images that illustrate important scenes from the Book of Genesis for the c ...

Mobility and Famine in Annibale Carracci’s ‘Straordinario di Carne’

Example essay. Published: 3rd Nov 2020

Mobility and Famine in Annibale Carracci’s ‘Straordinario di Carne’: Reconstructing Urban Space through Keplerian Astronomy. ...

Modernism as the Rejection of Tradition: European Artworks 1860-1935

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Modernism is typified by the rejection of tradition. Discuss this idea through the in-depth analysis of at least four European artworks from 1860-1935. Intro Modernism is a grou ...

Modernist Preoccupations With Progress: An Exploration

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

The term ‘Modernism’ relies upon notions of progress in that it is defined by an ‘artistic and literary superiority of moderns over ancients’. The ‘modern’ era enjoyed scientif ...

MoMA and the MET: Similarities and Contrasts in Portraying the Modernist Movement

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

A favored subject of modern artists is the depiction of flowers; while many critically acclaimed artists throughout the modernist movement such as Matisse, Warhol, and Van Gogh created many works ...

Movement from Byzantine Period to Early Renaissance Style

Example essay. Published: 14th Jun 2018

The transition from the Byzantine period to the early Renaissance as seen through the works of Duccio Contents (Jump to) Abstract Introduction Literature Review Chapter One:  Madonna of the Francisca ...

Mozarabic Religious Culture in Spain

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

People define art as something which has been molded from talent and skills. It is something made out of inspiration or something that the artist envisions. We consider the remnants of the past as art ...

Mr and Mrs Andrews Painting Analysis

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

I chose to make the comparison between Gainsborough’s “Mr & Mrs Andrews” and Shonebare’s “Mr & Mrs Andrews Without Their Heads” because although the title ...

Muhammad Ali: A Biography

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

Hard work and persistence are the magical words that lead to success and fame. A very good example is “Mohamed Ali Clay.” His name was “Cassius” before being a Muslim. Muhammad Ali built himse ...

Museum of Fine Arts in Houston | Reflection

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

Cultural Response This cultural response essay will discuss my trip to the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston. I will be describing my favorite works of art, compare two pieces of art by Do Ho Suh, and th ...

Nancy by Chuck Close | Overview and Analysis

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

What can be seen as a beautiful work of art by one person may not appear that way to someone else. So much in the art world is subjective, yet when artists are able to come up with something revolutio ...

Norman Rockwell: Artist Biography

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

Norman Rockwell was born in 1894. Rockwell enjoyed drawing at an early age and soon decided he wanted to be an artist. At age 15 he left high school and enrolled in two art schools simultaneously. His ...

Olafur Eliasson | Artist Biography

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

A general visit to an art gallery consists of being able to view a series of objects hanging from the wall or placed upon a stand. However, Olafur Eliasson takes the role of seeing an object within a ...

Originality in Postmodern Art

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

A number of postmodern theorists and artists have questioned whether there is such thing as originality in art. Discuss this issue with reference to examples of the work of one or more recent artists ...

Outline of Movements in Art

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Introduction Art has given generation’s complex lessons in exquisiteness, horror, and respect. Art has inspired some to delve further into their minds than they ever have. Art evokes many emoti ...

Overview of Christian Religious Education Approaches

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

Introduction The aim of this essay is to examine the definition of Christian religious education with a view to uncover the various traditional, theological and biblical approaches and practices in lo ...

Overview Of The Mona Lisa Art Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Mona Lisa is a 16th century painting made from oil and popular wood. Due to the painting’s mystique and technical mystery, it is one of the world’s most famous paintings. Mona Lisa also kn ...

Pablo Picasso Biography Summary

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

“Unlike in music, there are no child prodigies in painting. What people regard as premature genius is the genius of childhood. It gradually disappears as they get older. It is possible for such ...

Paintings Commissioned by Tiziano Vecello

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

Tiziano Vecello, known in the English speaking world as Titian, was born in Cadore which is in the Southern Alps between the years of 1487 -1490. He was born into a family of lawyers and administrators and so enjoyed a relatively privileged upbringing. ...

Patricia Piccinini and David Hockney Comparison

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Art explores many elements of life and the world. It explores and represents meanings in which are interpreted by the audience in various ways. Artists use different techniques to enhance their own in ...

Paul Klee: Art Analysis

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

PAUL KLEE Paul Klee, a German national Swiss painter, was born on 18th December 1879 in a place called Münchenbuchsee bei Bern in Switzerland.He grew up in a music family and was himself a violinist. ...

Pop Art Movement: A Summary

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

‘Pop Art: A Reactionary Realism’ by American art critic Donald Kuspit underscores his view that to the extent that Pop-art was was a realistic movement, it ridiculed expressionism and was ...

Post War Developments of Pop Art and Consumerism

Example essay. Published: 14th Jun 2018

What were the most significant changes in consumer behaviour in America after 1945? In what ways did these changes have an impact on the production of art? INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to ...

Post-Impressionism and Vincent Van Gogh

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

In and around 1911, there were art critics that freely used the phrase “post-impressionistic” as a means to illustrate the work of several artists’ paintings reveal Impressionistic standards. Post Impressionism was a creative shift to follow Impressionism that was to break the Impressionistic style. ...

Postmodernism in Art: Reaction and Resistance

Example essay. Published: 3rd Nov 2020

In this essay, I’m aiming to explore and understand Postmodernism through the research of key practitioner Hal Foster to interpret and evaluate works by contemporary artists Cindy Sherman and Jo Spence and how their works relate to postmodernism as a key theme and example of postmodernism as a theory. ...

Psychological Novel in English Literature | Essay

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

“A psychological novel, also called psychological realism, is a work of prose fiction which places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization, and on the motives, circum ...

Reception of Video Art in Galleries

Example essay. Published: 14th Jun 2018

Critically examine the notion that the reception of video art is strongly affected by being seen in an art gallery situation Introduction Video art began as an avant-garde movement that challenged the ...

Recovering Art For Excluded Minority Groups

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Topic: The censored record. What have art museums been doing to recover orclaim or promote the art of women or excluded ethnic groups or minorities (such as Blackor Latino artists in the USA)? C ...

Reflective Essay on Art and Famous Artists

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

The Olive Trees” by Vincent van Gogh caught my eye as soon as I saw it. Van Gogh has always fascinated me with his dramatic use of color and the thick texture he used while painting. After doing som ...

Relationship Between Art and Creativity

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

 Fabian Espin ABSTRACT It is often said that artists have got a considerable use of imagination and hence they are more creative than other people. However, several scientists around the world st ...

Relationship Between the Changes in Society & Art of the Early Twentieth-century

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

This assignment will discuss the relationship between the changes in society and art of the early twentieth-century, with particular reference to the division of high and low art. ...

Religious Influences on Stanley Spencer’s Art

Example essay. Published: 14th Jun 2018

What influence did religion have on the work of Stanley Spencer and did this contribute the reference as a ‘village innocent’ or avant garde genius? It is difficult to place Stanley Spence ...

Remix Culture and Postmodernism | Essay

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

The identity of our society fluxes continually with time change- as was noted by Greek-free-thinker, Heraclitus- when he expressed the impossibility of one to jump into a particular river more than on ...

Renaissance and Baroque Eras: Art Comparison

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

Comparing the Eras of the Renaissance and Baroque Since the beginning of time Art has been used as a form of expression. With each historical art era came new advances and techniques. Each era was inf ...

Representation of Womanhood in Baroque Art

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Representation of Womanhood in Baroque Art: An Analysis of Artemisia Gentileschi’s Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes and Johannes Vermeer’s Woman Holding a Balance ...

Representations of Space in Art Movements

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

Spatial representation is a complex subject involving the scientific technique of perspective and incorporating different periods of art. Discussion of this topic allows for an analysis of both the ra ...

Representations of the Landscape

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

TMA 02 Figure 1.1 Image used for the front cover of the 2017 National trust Handbook (National Trust, 2017). The term ‘landscape’ refers to the way of making sense ...

Restoring the Spirit: Celebrating Hatitan Art | Analysis

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

The Place I Called Home          Haiti is a country on the island of Hispaniola near the Caribbean Sea. Haiti have a rich cult ...

Richard Hamilton Artist Analysis

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

 Shae Eakright  Clipping images from American magazines, Richard Hamilton creates an image of a home that challenges viewers to acknowledge the materialistic thoughts that consumed their minds. ...

Ritz-Carlton Hotel Organisation Culture

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

Introduction The ability to establish a culture that invokes high value for the people working in an organization invokes intrinsic sense of identity, innovativeness, creativity and commitment that fo ...

Robert Mapplethorpe Photography Analysis

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Mapplethorpe: Art or Pornography? art: the expression of creative skill through a visual medium such as painting or sculpture. pornography: printed or visual material intended to stimulate sexual exc ...

Rogier van der Weyden and Hans Memling: Similarities and Differences

Example essay. Published: 3rd Nov 2020

Rogier van der Weyden and Hans Memling, two masters from 15th century Northern Renaissance, were both commissioned during their lifetime to paint Last Judgement altarpieces. Although the works they produced have striking similarities, ultimately their dramatic differences create separate visions of the Last Judgement. ...

Rogier van der Weyden Biography

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

Rogier van der Weyden, one of the most well-known and influential Netherlandish painters of the fifteenth century, was born in the city of Tournai in Belgium in about 1400. A son of a cutler, after co ...

Role of HR managers in Recruitment and Selection

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

To analyse the role of HR managers in Recruitment and Selection, it essential to firstly understand what is Recruitment and Selection, in what ways does it affect the goals of the organisations. When ...

Roy Lichtenstein: Art Style Analysis

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

A work is “created” when it is prepared over a period of time, the portion of it that has been fixed at any particular time constitutes the work as of that time, and where the work has bee ...

Salvador Dali, Dadaism and Surrealism

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

“Intelligence without ambition is a bird without wings” The human mind is a very controlling device and organ. However it is not perfect in the way it processes things. Illusions for insta ...

San Vitale Church: Construction and Design

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

Byzantine Empire started when the Roman Emperor Constantine moved the capital of Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium. Byzantine Architectures was very similar to Roman architecture, but got certain in ...

Sande Society and the Sowei Mask

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

Political, Educational, and Gender Aspects of the Women’s Society of the Mende The Sowei Mask of the Sande Society is a symbol for the Mende people of Sierra Leone representing the ideals of fem ...

Saving an Art Museum and Its Neighboring Community

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Saving an Art Museum and Its Neighboring Community  Art museums are an important and beneficial part of society. They connect us with different cultures and histories in ways that b ...

Semiotics and the Visuality of the Comics

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Graphic narratives exist in a variety of forms—from superhero comics and Japanese manga to comic strips and instruction manuals—and have been the subject of a burgeoning amount of scholarship ...

Separating the Art from the Artist in the Age of the Me-Too Movement

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

The question of whether or not we should separate artists from their artwork has acquired a new significance in the age of Me Too–it is now necessary to examine whether we can still watch and enjoy the films and TV series created by the wave of directors and actors denounced by the Me Too movement. ...

Should Governments Subsidise the Arts?

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Introduction There are major disagreements characterising the literature regarding the justification of government involvement in subsidising the arts. On one hand, there are those who a ...

Society of the Spectacle and War Photography

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

Discuss contemporary war photography in relation to Debord’s work on the Society of the Spectacle. Society of the Spectacle written by Guy Debord and published in 1967 at the height of the Vietn ...

Spray Paint Art: History and Origins

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2018

Would you consider yourself artistic? You may think that you cannot draw anything, but being artistic does not mean that you have to be able to pick up a pencil and draw a masterpiece. According to ...

Statue of David: Donatello and Bernini Comparison

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

The Biblical character of David has been the inspiration for many works of art throughout history. The young David, as Goliath’s adversary, has been sculpted by such artists as Verrocchio, Donat ...

Statue of Kouros vs. Statue of Khafre

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Human-statues have been made from a very long time, especially those of male figures. Statues of gods, kings, soldiers, martyrs, etc. We see it all the time. Anybody that is assumed to be of impo ...

Status of Art During the Renaissance Period

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

‘So it seems to me that painting is nobler and allows for greater artistry than sculpture, and I believe that in the ancient world it reached the same perfection as other things …’ ...

Street Arts: Arguments on it as a Form of Expression

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Street Art, A Form of Expression Art is defined in the dictionary as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or ...

Styles Used in Islamic Art

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

What is sacred art? Who determines what art is sacred? And what reasons do they decide upon? Many questions surface when it comes to distinguishing the difference between sacred art, religious art, an ...

Sudha Chandran: Biography and Profile

Example essay. Published: 14th Jun 2018

Sudha Chandran On January 28th, 1984, Sudha Chandran stood behind the curtain, staring at the crowd nervously and waiting for the crowd to settle down. It had been a while since she had danced on the ...

Swiss Style Typography History

Example essay. Published: 7th May 2018

What is it a good graphic design? Good graphic design or typography is like a taste. Hallmark of the taste rests in sensitivity, from feelings. Every one has a different taste, but it is indispensable ...

Symbolism in Medieval Art

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2018

EVE IN MEDIEVAL ART Symbolism in the Medieval period had both theological and social meanings, and the figure of Eve demonstrates how these two kinds of meanings coexisted in a single symbolic form. M ...

Symbolism in Plays: Comparison of Dorfman and Dϋrrenmatt

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2018

The usage of allegorical references and symbolism is essential when delivering the playwrights intended messages to the audience. The author of Death and the Maiden, Ariel Dorfman, and the author of T ...